Welcome to LQ.
If you're looking for drivers, there's an option in the System->Administration menu simply called "Hardware Drivers" that will attempt to detect and find drivers for any devices that need ones that aren't already present.
There is a more general GUI utility called
HardInfo that should do what you want. It should be available in the Ubuntu Software Center (just search for "hardinfo").
If you're comfortable with, or at least not afraid of the command line,
lspci and
lshw (the latter of which is also available in the Ubuntu software repositories) are also good tools for hardware probing.