If you install guest additions in Linux you can then setup a shared folder. It is basically a private Windows network between the guest and host.
By default VirtualBox configures a NAT network adapter on a guest which isolates it from the host. If you switch to a Bridged network then both will be on the same network. Browsing may or may not work but you can directly access the Windows share from the linux file browser by smb://Windows_computer_name_or_IP/share_name
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