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Q. What is the minimum amount of software I need (I've looked at sendmail, postfix, courier/cyrus IMAP, fetchmail and procmail so far)
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You said you wanted webmail and IMAP, so get
Squirrelmail and an IMAP server (courier-imap and
uw-imap are common ones). fetchmail will do fine for pulling mail from your ISP's server if you want to do that. Since you're using IMAP, why also use POP3? IMAP has far more features and is supported by most common email clients.
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Q. I have been playing with postfix and I can get mail delivered to var/mail/$user. How do I get it to somewhere more sensible?
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/var/mail/$user is where mail is usually delivered, at least on Debian systems. Where would you want it stored and why?
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Q. I've managed to get fetchmail telling me it has grabbed my mail but I don't know where it puts it (it's not in var/mail/$user)
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fetchmail delivers to the local MDA (mail delivery agent, usually exim on Debian systems unless you have replaced it) by default, so if you have an MDA running that's what fetchmail will use. Does your local mail delivery work as expected? Read the man page (
man fetchmail).
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Q. I've installed procmail but I'm not really sure how to get it to do anything (or even entirely understand what it's for)
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Procmail is used to sort incoming mail to the correct mail boxes or folders. If you run it as root you can use it as an MDA. Again, the man page is very useful.
Håkan