Any chance you can do "yum update" to go to 6.5 or higher?
In RHEL 6.3 the Hyper-V support was add on you had to install after the OS. In 6.4 it was installed with the OS but it didn't necessarily load all the modules automatically (you could use modprobe to do so however). In 6.5 it seems to work out of the box on Hyper-V without tweaking. Since CentOS is a binary compile of RHEL source of the same version it means this should be true for CentOS as well.
For what its worth the modules for Hyper-V running on my RHEL6.5 system seen with lsmod command are:
hid_hyperv 4350 0
hv_netvsc 23702 0
hv_utils 9149 0
hyperv_fb 7769 2
hv_storvsc 11323 3
hv_vmbus 144850 5 hid_hyperv,hv_netvsc,hv_utils,hyperv_fb,hv_storvsc
hv_storsvc above is the Hyper-V storage driver. If not running you may be able to add it with modprobe (not sure if this was same name in the add on for 6.3 as I never did install the add on myself).
I got a lot of information from this link when I ran into issues a few months back:
http://social.technet.microsoft.com/...rationservices
Of course your initial message could be an indication the underlying disks in the Hyper-V hypervisor itself is an issue. Do you have other guests on this hypervisor? Do they have any issues? Have you checked the event logs on the hypervisor itself?