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.tar.gz is a compressed tarball, compressed using gzip. It has to be uncompressed before compiling the tarball, which is a source-code file.
.src.rpm is a tarball (same as above) with an rpm .spec file which tells rpm what to do with the tarball.
Note: some tarballs (.tar.gz) have a .spec file in them, in which case, you can either compile from source in the usuall way, or use rpm with the -t option to build a binary rpm. Then install the binary rpm in the usual manner.
.rpm is a binary, installable file.
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