Your telnet example is not
sending mail, it's
receiving it.
Code:
250 2.0.0 Ok: queued as E5DA761D6B21
is a message from your postfix server that it's accepted the mail you created when attached to port 25.
The other messages are pretty clear: The MUA clients (thunderbird, etc.) are not providing the proper authentication to connect to your MTA (postfix) to send mail.
It appears that you've configured your MTA to require authentication on port 25. That would be unusual. Port 25 is the port used to receive email and doesn't typically require authentication.
When you connect with IMAP, on port 143 usually, then authentication is required to both send and view received email.
When a Mail User Agent (MUA) like thunderbird connects to send mail, typically on port 587, authentication is also required.
I don't know postfix, but
netstat -tnlp will show you if anything is listening on ports 143 or 587, and what program that is.
Code:
tcp 0 0 the.server.ip.address:143 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 15433/dovecot
tcp 0 0 the.server.ip.address:25 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2253/tcpserver
tcp 0 0 the.server.ip.address:587 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 2265/tcpserver
I'm using qmail, so the listeners for ports 25 and 587 are tcpserver, which is a wrapper for qmail-smtpd. Yours will probably say postfix.