I have now managed to mount the share on the client. I have added another IP address to the network interface of the server (as I could ssh the client, but not the server, I figured that the problem was there) and used the new IP address in the mounting process.
Do you have any idea what the problem with the original IP address might be? (it was assigned at the time of VM creation).
I believe that it is not configured for DHCP because there is no /dhcp directory under /var/lib

There a many ways to configure the virtual machine and the system. Without providing any detailed information or answer questions I have no idea.

I have installed CentOS 7 many times on real hardware and virtual machines. Depending on how it was initially configured during the install the default is DHCP using network manager. If you are using network manager the dhclient lease is saved to /var/lib/NetworkManager. You can configure a static IP address using network manager or without network manager via the old /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-xxxx scripts. Without network manager the dhclient lease file should be /var/lib/dhclient by default (I believe).

When you create a new VB virtual machine the network adapter defaults to NAT. This is basically a simple virtual firewall where the default is to accept all outgoing traffic but block all incoming. This could be why you could connect to the client from the server but not the reverse. With NAT the DHCP IP address range of the first virtual machine is usually 10.0.2.X/24 where the host is 10.0.2.2 and the guest is 10.0.2.15. If you switch the virtual machine to using a bridged adapter the guest will be connected to your physical LAN and if configured use its DHCP server. The guest will have a separate IP address from the host.

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