The quickest way to find a program is to use the
which command. For example, on my machine:
Code:
hazel@bigboy.localdomain:~
$ which firefox
/usr/bin/firefox
However this method will not work for administrative programs stored in
/sbin or
/usr/sbin because those directories are on the root user's path but not on yours.
A more general command is
locate, which will find a file anywhere.
Whether you can run a program from a terminal depends on what kind of program it is and what kind of terminal you are using. You can't (as far as I know) launch a graphical program from a virtual console, but you can launch it from an xterm.