Exactly the same issue - os-prober is disabled for some reason all of a sudden
Haven't been able to fix it yet either.
Even tried Grub-Customizer, but it can't see Windows either.
finds it, but how do I then get that into grub?
EDIT 1: just saw your 2nd edit - will try, thanks
EDIT 2: Nope. Still booting right into Manjaro - and even Timeshift doesn't help