So mkfs -cc (badblocks) finally finished after 4 passes writing and checking different patterns and it came back with zero errors.
I even tried re-making partitions in parted again (using the % method instead of GB values in case that somehow messed things up)
I tried another unused SATA cable again, and tried a different power connector on the same cable to no avail.
Other than grabbing a SATA power cable from a different PC, I think I'm out of ideas.
Here's the output of dmesg (figured out a way to copy it directly to another computer so I could post it here).
[ 797.159079] EXT4-fs (sda1): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null)
[27387.952088] ahci 0000:45:00.0: AMD-Vi: Event logged [IO_PAGE_FAULT domain=0x003b address=0x7ffffe00000 flags=0x0000]
[27418.225736] ata2.00: exception Emask 0x0 SAct 0x407fffc7 SErr 0x0 action 0x6 frozen
[27418.227068] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.228185] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:00:00:b2:0b/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 0 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:00:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.230460] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.231620] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.232783] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:08:00:bc:0b/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 1 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.235149] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.236342] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.237534] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:10:00:c6:0b/02:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 2 ncq dma 262144 out
res 40/00:01:06:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.239968] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.241201] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.242427] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:30:00:26:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 6 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.244956] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.246237] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.247493] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:38:00:30:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 7 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:06:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.250080] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.251381] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.252669] ata2.00: cmd 61/f8:40:00:3a:0f/08:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 8 ncq dma 1175552 ou
res 40/00:01:01:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.252670] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.252671] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.252678] ata2.00: cmd 61/08:48:f8:42:0f/05:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 9 ncq dma 659456 out
res 40/00:ff:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.260792] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.260793] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.260796] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:50:00:48:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 10 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:00:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.260799] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.267838] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.267841] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:58:00:52:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 11 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:00:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.267842] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.267843] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.267846] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:60:00:5c:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 12 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:06:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.267847] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.267848] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.267851] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:68:00:66:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 13 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.267854] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.285720] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.285723] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:70:00:70:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 14 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:ff:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.285724] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.285726] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293554] ata2.00: cmd 61/18:78:00:7a:0f/05:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 15 ncq dma 667648 out
res 40/00:01:06:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293555] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293556] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293559] ata2.00: cmd 61/e8:80:18:7f:0f/08:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 16 ncq dma 1167360 ou
res 40/00:01:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293560] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293561] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293564] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:88:00:88:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 17 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:01:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293565] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293565] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293568] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:90:00:92:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 18 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:01:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293569] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293570] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293573] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:98:00:9c:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 19 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:ff:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293574] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293574] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293577] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:a0:00:a6:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 20 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:00:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293578] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.293579] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.293582] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:a8:00:b0:0f/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 21 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:01:00:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.293585] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.339094] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.339098] ata2.00: cmd 61/38:b0:00:ba:0f/03:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 22 ncq dma 421888 out
res 40/00:01:06:4f:c2/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.339101] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.345849] ata2.00: failed command: WRITE FPDMA QUEUED
[27418.345853] ata2.00: cmd 61/00:f0:00:a8:0b/0a:00:3b:00:00/40 tag 30 ncq dma 1310720 ou
res 40/00:ff:00:00:00/00:00:00:00:00/00 Emask 0x4 (timeout)
[27418.345853] ata2.00: status: { DRDY }
[27418.345857] ata2: hard resetting link
[27418.825759] ata2: SATA link up 6.0 Gbps (SStatus 133 SControl 300)
[27424.069950] ata2.00: qc timeout (cmd 0xec)
[27424.069963] ata2.00: failed to IDENTIFY (I/O error, err_mask=0x4)
[27424.069965] ata2.00: revalidation failed (errno=-5)
[27424.071807] ata2: hard resetting link
[27434.071060] ata2: softreset failed (1st FIS failed)
[27434.073276] ata2: hard resetting link
[27444.070849] ata2: softreset failed (1st FIS failed)
[27444.072658] ata2: hard resetting link
[27479.072203] ata2: softreset failed (1st FIS failed)
[27479.073979] ata2: limiting SATA link speed to 3.0 Gbps
[27479.073980] ata2: hard resetting link
[27484.072289] ata2: softreset failed (1st FIS failed)
[27484.073973] ata2: reset failed, giving up
[27484.075544] ata2.00: disabled
[27484.075836] ata2: EH complete
[27484.075883] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.075888] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0b a8 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.075891] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990619648 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 51 prio class 0
[27484.075918] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Read Capacity(16) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077518] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Sense not available.
[27484.077535] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Read Capacity(10) failed: Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077536] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] Sense not available.
[27484.077543] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#2 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077545] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#2 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f ba 00 00 00 03 38 00 00
[27484.077546] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990886400 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x0 phys_seg 39 prio class 0
[27484.077552] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 0 512-byte logical blocks: (0 B/0 B)
[27484.077553] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077554] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] 4096-byte physical blocks
[27484.077555] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f b0 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.077557] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990883840 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 44 prio class 0
[27484.077562] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#4 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077564] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#4 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f a6 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.077565] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990881280 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 44 prio class 0
[27484.077571] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077572] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 9c 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.077573] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990878720 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 44 prio class 0
[27484.077578] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077580] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 92 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.077581] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990876160 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 44 prio class 0
[27484.077583] sda: detected capacity change from 10000831348736 to 0
[27484.077586] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.077588] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 88 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.077589] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990873600 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 44 prio class 0
[27484.077593] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3061841920 size 8032256 starting block 123860903)
[27484.077597] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858944
[27484.077604] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858945
[27484.077605] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858946
[27484.077606] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858947
[27484.077606] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858948
[27484.077607] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858949
[27484.077608] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858950
[27484.077609] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858951
[27484.077610] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858952
[27484.077611] Buffer I/O error on device sda1, logical block 123858953
[27484.078224] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.078226] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#8 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 7f 18 00 00 08 e8 00 00
[27484.078227] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990871320 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x0 phys_seg 40 prio class 0
[27484.078229] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3053453312 size 8388608 starting block 123859200)
[27484.078327] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#9 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.078328] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#9 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 7a 00 00 00 05 18 00 00
[27484.078330] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990870016 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 23 prio class 0
[27484.078334] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[27484.078335] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#10 CDB: Write(16) 8a 00 00 00 00 00 3b 0f 70 00 00 00 0a 00 00 00
[27484.078336] blk_update_request: I/O error, dev sda, sector 990867456 op 0x1
WRITE) flags 0x4000 phys_seg 45 prio class 0
[27484.078462] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3053453312 size 8388608 starting block 123858915)
[27484.079001] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3045064704 size 8388608 starting block 123857152)
[27484.079060] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3045064704 size 8388608 starting block 123856991)
[27484.079610] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3040870400 size 4194304 starting block 123828480)
[27484.079926] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#23 access beyond end of device
[27484.079994] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#31 access beyond end of device
[27484.079996] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3061841920 size 8388608 starting block 123861160)
[27484.080107] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#0 access beyond end of device
[27484.080109] EXT4-fs warning (device sda1): ext4_end_bio:309: I/O error 10 writing to inode 105447474 (offset 3061841920 size 8388608 starting block 123861248)
[27484.080201] JBD2: Detected IO errors while flushing file data on sda1-8
[27484.080204] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#1 access beyond end of device
[27484.080213] Aborting journal on device sda1-8.
[27484.080222] EXT4-fs error (device sda1) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:5946: Journal has aborted
[27484.080223] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#2 access beyond end of device
[27484.080225] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 1220575232, lost sync page write
[27484.080228] JBD2: Error -5 detected when updating journal superblock for sda1-8.
[27484.080235] EXT4-fs (sda1): ext4_writepages: jbd2_start: 18432 pages, ino 105447474; err -30
[27484.080293] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 access beyond end of device
[27484.080299] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 0, lost sync page write
[27484.080332] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#4 access beyond end of device
[27484.080333] EXT4-fs (sda1): previous I/O error to superblock detected
[27484.080335] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 59, lost async page write
[27484.080344] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#5 access beyond end of device
[27484.080346] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207688, lost async page write
[27484.080349] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207689, lost async page write
[27484.080350] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207690, lost async page write
[27484.080352] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207691, lost async page write
[27484.080353] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207692, lost async page write
[27484.080355] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207693, lost async page write
[27484.080356] Buffer I/O error on dev sda1, logical block 123207694, lost async page write
[27484.080361] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#6 access beyond end of device
[27484.080370] EXT4-fs (sda1): I/O error while writing superblock
[27484.080372] EXT4-fs (sda1): I/O error while writing superblock
[27484.080373] EXT4-fs error (device sda1): ext4_journal_check_start:61: Detected aborted journal
[27484.080376] EXT4-fs error (device sda1) in ext4_dirty_inode:6145: Journal has aborted
[27484.080377] EXT4-fs (sda1): Remounting filesystem read-only
[27484.080388] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#7 access beyond end of device
[27484.080415] EXT4-fs (sda1): previous I/O error to superblock detected
[27484.080425] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#3 access beyond end of device
[27484.080438] EXT4-fs (sda1): I/O error while writing superblock
[27484.081028] EXT4-fs (sda1): ext4_writepages: jbd2_start: 1024 pages, ino 105447473; err -30
[28823.847190] scsi_io_completion_action: 11 callbacks suppressed
[28823.847197] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[28823.847201] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#18 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[30623.915939] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[30623.915943] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#19 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[32423.985165] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[32423.985169] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#20 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[34224.056759] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#21 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[34224.056763] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#21 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[36024.124386] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#22 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[36024.124390] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#22 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[37824.197663] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#23 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[37824.197667] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#23 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[39624.270651] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[39624.270655] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#24 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[41424.343370] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[41424.343374] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#25 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[43224.416195] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[43224.416199] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#26 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00
[45024.485379] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 FAILED Result: hostbyte=DID_BAD_TARGET driverbyte=DRIVER_OK
[45024.485383] sd 1:0:0:0: [sda] tag#27 CDB: ATA command pass through(16) 85 06 2c 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 e5 00