hi, dos is a windows thing from what i understand so dos commands wont work on gnu/linux.

you would go to the terminal. where you can type commands (there is probably a gui to get similar info but copying/pasting output is more precise to get diagnostic info).

i dont use ubuntu but maybe search in the menu for something called terminal (mite be called gnome-terminal ?).

copy-paste the commands (for instance its /fdisk -l not fdisk -1 (and there is a space between cat and /)).

colorpurple provided a link to a script that makes it easier for people to provide this type of info for this specific purpose.

Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal):512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk Identifier: Ox3689a9FO

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 63 625136399 312568168+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT

Disk/dev/sdb: 160.0 GB, 160041885696 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 19457 cylinders, total 312581808 sectors
Units = sectors of 1* 512= 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: Oxcab10bee

Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sbd1 * 63 267320485 133660211+ 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sbd2 294613200 312575759 8981280 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/sbd3 267321342 294612991 13645825 5 Extended
/dev/sbd5 267321344 290553855 11616256 83 Linux
/dev/sbd6 290555904 294612991 2028544 82 Linux swap / Solaris

Partition table entries are not in disk order
edward@edward-RE473AA-ABA-SR2020NX-NA681:^^$

Also need the ouput of this, mostly the two window entries

drivemap -s (hd0) ${root}
chainloader +1
}
set timeout_style=menu
if[ "${timeout}" =0]; then
set timeout=10
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_uefi-firmware ###
### END /etc/grub.d30_uefi-firmware ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries. Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment. Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d41_custom ###
if [ -f $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
edward@edward-RE473AA-ABA-SR2020NX-NA681:**$

^ seems incomplete.
i dont have much experience with windows so hopefully i'm not off base.
anyways from the partial fdisk output above it seems like you have both operating systems as different partitions on the 2nd physical harddrive (gnu/linux refers to this as /dev/sdb). and the first physical harddrive contains only random data (/dev/sda). did windows work before like this ?

windows has a habit of only wanting drive c: to be the first partition on the 1st harddrive (then d: would be first optical drive (cd-rom ?); e: would be 2nd optical if it exist (dvd/cd-r); then first partition on the 2nd harddrive would be f:, then the remaining partitions on the 1st drive; then remaining partitions on 2nd drive). -- i memorized this because i got hosed once.

the linux enumerating scheme is much simpler. in your case the linux partition is /dev/sdb5 and the windows partition would be /dev/sdb2 (i think windows cant see this as drive c: and windows needs drive c: in order to operate).

maybe you can try to change drivemap -s (hd0) ${root} to drivemap -s (hd1) ${root} in /boot/grub/grub.cfg.

need the rest of the menuentry for NT and media center from grub.cfg. Also have you tried running software updates then from terminal to see if that helps.