First, Is the mail command you are executing a shell script that you wrote? I don't see that -a is a supported command line argument for the mail command.
Second, my interpretion of your error is the space between the test.txt and test.try is giving you problems, not the slash.
With the above in mind, if you are wanting a shell script to treat the value of an argument separated with spaces as a single argument, then enclose the value of the argument in either double-quotes (expansion) or single-quotes (no expansion). Example:
mail -s test -a 'text.txt test.try/good@go.com' < empty.txt
-or-
email='test.txt test.try
good@go.com'
mail -s test -a "${email}" < empty.txt
If your goal is to escape the meaning of a shell metacharacter or control character, then prefix that character with a whack \. BTW: I don't see that slash / is a shell metacharacter. But using your example:
mail -s test -a "text.txt test.try\/good@go.com" < empty.txt