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I am unsure as to the relationship between entities in /proc/devices and /proc/modules.
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I am unsure if there is any meaningful relationship.
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Does this mean that driver ide0 is registered with major device number 3?
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ide0 is not a driver. It is your first ide bus, but yes, it has major device number 3. (try 'ls -l /dev/hda')
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Does ide0 represent a specific driver (ie. module)? Would this change if I unloaded the current driver for my hard drive, and loaded a new different one?
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No and no.
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If it would not change in these circumstances, what good is it?
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A better question is why you think it should change. Your first ide bus is always going to be your first ide bus.
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It does NOT contain an "ide0" entry.
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Why would it? You don't need a different driver for each bus. You only need one driver for both of them.
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I understand that /proc/modules contains a list of available drivers (modules)
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To be sure, it shows your 'loaded' modules, which is not the same thing as available modules.
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However, it does not appear to tell me what major number they are registered with.
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Major numbers are for devices, not modules. Modules are not registered with a major number.
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Do I really have to look in the driver source code to see what major number they will register with?
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If you do you will be looking for a long time
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Clearly, I am confused about this. Can anyone help?
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Indeed. Are you trying to do something specific here? Or just learn how it works? If so, have a look at the 'Documentation' directory in the kernel source. All kinds of stuff to read...