I have a Ratel Value from System 76, 64 bit, Intel Core 2 duo CPU E8600 @ 3.33 GHz x2, 3.9 GiB memory, Gallium 0.4 on AMD RV770 graphics, 153.2 GB hard drive, no partions, with Ubuntu 14.04. It is 5 years old.

Even before the install of 14.04, I was having periodic boot up problems, so I had all data on my external HD. Did the 14.04 install and it again booted up off and on - would have to do a hard shut down and cross my fingers and maybe . . . or not. And now the last two days, I can't boot and only get the message:
Error: attempt to read or write outside of disk 'hd0' Entering rescue mode . . . grub rescue> So I have done:

1. Fresh install (the second time) from a disk (had checked the disk per instructions so I saw I had files so assuming the disc is good)

2. Ran boot repair. Said problems corrected but could not boot correctly (ie ran bus errors on screen - lots- but booted and worked good - except wouldn't respond to the restart or shut down buttons and I had to do a hard shutdown and then got the same error message on reboot.)
My BootInfoURL is http://paste.ubuntu.com/7947917

I have done enough reading on the forums etc to know that this can be a formidable problem. I am actually hoping that it could be something as simple as a failed hard drive, cuz I couldn't follow much of what was suggested in these posts to others! So, anyway, thanks in advance for any help and just remember to make directions as explicit as possible, without assuming I know much background. I also hope the BootInfo will be useful and that from it you can tell me what to do.

The fact that grub and fdisk/parted report the same thing would make me suspect the disk - the partition layout looks ok. Have a look at this to get the smart data for the disk from the liveCD. Go down to "Checking you HDD or SDD" and follow the instructions.

I just saw your reply - I am bookmarking that page for future reference! Thanks!
Today I put Ubuntu 14.04 on a pen drive and then downloaded and burned Ultimate Boot CD and ran the hard drive check -hard drive not bad! So I then booted it up normal and for the first time got this: mount failed on sys/fs/selinux;no such file or folder and then I got the sign-in page with error messages showing and acting wacky, so I shut it down and booted from the cd. I looked at the sys/fs/ and no selinux folder - so decided to re-install 14.01 again (3rd time!) And they say the 3rd times the charm - and it was! So for now working just fine and have shut down and rebooted several times. Here's hoping!
PS: Still no folder for sys/fs/selinux - but hey, it's working.

Don't know why that selinux came up - I just checked on Mint system (a Ubuntu derivative) and it also has no /sys/fs/selinux ( note the leading "forward slash"). Pretend it never happened.