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It controls whether the filesystems need dumping (my crude understanding is a backup) and whether they need checking on mounting. http://www.tuxfiles.org/linuxhelp/fstab.html explains the whole thing.
Usually, your root filesystem will be checked each time it is mounted for errors, and you can specify the order in which this happens. Usually, / will be 1 so that it is checked first, then you might want /home to be checked next so the last column would be 2, then maybe /var next, so that be 3, etc. I've never used the 5th to dump as I don't fully understand it!
The fifth field, (fs_freq), is used for these filesystems by the dump(8) command to determine which filesystems need to be dumped. If the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is returned and dump will assume that the filesystem does not need to be dumped.
0
The sixth field, (fs_passno), is used by the fsck(8) program to determine the order in which filesystem checks are done at reboot time
If the sixth field is not present or zero, a value of zero is returned
and fsck will assume that the filesystem does not need to be checked.
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