I just put "audio grep" into a search engine, and the first hit is a tool called
audiogrep which transcribes to text then searches that.
However, for matching audio snippets I would expect a better version to be something that directly compared audio waveforms (or signatures derived from them) - there's a bunch of online services which presumably use this method to provide music identification.
It didn't take much to identify the term "
acoustic fingerprinting", and combining that with "linux" produced another result:
EchoPrint, from a company which got bought by Spotify, but the code is still available at
https://github.com/spotify/echoprint-server and
https://github.com/spotify/echoprint-codegen - the latter appears to be a tool that "indexes" audio files.
There may well be other options out there - the above is only from quick searches that
should have been the
minimum performed before asking this question.