If all you want to do is get a command line for a short time, press ctrl-alt-f(1-6). To get back to the GUI, press ctrl-alt-f7. If you actually want to shutdown the X server completely, then run init 3 as root. Run init 5 to restart it. To boot the system without starting X at all, you need to change the default runlevel from 5 to 3. To do this, edit the file /etc/inittab. Look for a line something like this - id:5:initdefault: and change the 5 to 3.
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