I do this all the time first you need grub installed on your machine mbr. so last night I moved one system to another now a big thing I do is I never have a separate partition for home but it is ok if you do. just create a partition and point your fstab to it. so I booted up my pupplyinux in to ram and copied all the files from the sdb1 to sda2 then it took a long time. now after that I opened the /etc/fstab file and changed
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/dev/sdb1 / ext3 defaults 1 1
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to
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/dev/sda2 / ext3 defaults 1 1
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and you have to do the same thing if you change your swap location.
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then I went to the /boot/grub/menu.1st and changed the the (hd1,0) to (hd0,1) and changed root=/dev/sda2.
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here is the kicker you have windows running and if you where booting with grub it mapped your system to see the old place. so you may have to reinstall grub or remap. I do not have this problem because windows is gone for ever since 1998. but you may need to down load super grub in case it goes bad it will get you booted into your system so you can run grubconf.
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if you are going to use a usb drive encloser you will run into alot of work
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but if you can boot from the drive then just copy the system over with a live system like puppy linux why not use windows it for works different f.a.t.'s why a live system and you will be unable to copy your /dev/folder over and other running programs.if booted in that system. now go back and boot your old ubuntu and run grub and tell it to put the files on that drive and to put the boot loader on that drives MBR.
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I assume you already used gparted to format your new drive and set it to bootable right ... Right.
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in the old days we would create a partion the same size .
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dd if=/dev/sdXX of=/dev/sdXX new one.
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this made a mirror image of your drive. and if you had three partition on your those went along. This is a very powerful tool and not for the newbi