If you open alsamixer in the terminal:-
Enter
.....and hit "Enter", somewhere amongst all those sliders you should see one marked "PCM". The easiest way to think of this is as the 'master' output control for your amplifier. Make sure this is up as far as it will go. You can then control the full volume range from the taskbar.
In addition, if you're running an Intel-based set-up, especially with newer Intel HD Audio, these often have a 'Front' volume control, too. You need to make sure this is up as far as it will go, too.
Most distros don't set all these up by default, OOTB. It's up to the user to set their own personal preferences.
Since I do a lot of audio work, & video-editing/rendering, all this is one of the first things I do when setting-up any new distro. A distro without properly set-up audio is, for me, about as much use as a chocolate teapot.
Even where PulseAudio is employed - as in most mainstream distros - ALSA is
still the 'back-end' that interfaces directly with your hardware. Pulse is an intermediate, 'user-space' layer that is more concerned with directing the audio
between applications. It doesn't directly control the hardware; if your main audio is only set to half-way, that is ALL PulseAudio can give you.
Some applications will re-set ALSA controls when you install them.
Mike.