Nowadays rsync default transfer protocol is ssh, hence you might setup public key authentication. Basically you have to create the private/public key pair on your local machine and copy the public key onto the remote server as $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys. This is all explained in man ssh or in plenty of tutorials on-line, so I will not cover it here.
Two remarks only: if you don't have a direct ssh/scp access to the remote server, you can create the authorized_keys files in your local machine and rsync it to the remote server. Don't copy the public/private keys, only the authorized_keys file. The private key in particular must reside only on your local machine for the sake of security.
Second, once you have set-up the .ssh directory and the authorized_keys inside it with the proper permissions, you can use rsync like this:
Code:
rsync -av -e "ssh -i $HOME/.ssh/name_of_private_key" source user@host:destination
where name_of_private_key is the default name of the generated key pair or the custom name you have chosen. Hope this helps.