For each rpm "rpm -qip <package>" will give you information about each one.
You might find the one-by-one approach a bit complicated by dependencies, but that's one way of learning too, I guess.
As for the directories, I would think googling, or a search of these pages will get you that.
/etc configuration files
/bin system binarys
/usr other, non-essential binaries, libraries, documentation etc.
/boot boot files
/dev device files
/root root's home directory
/var log files and other temporary stuff
John
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