Where have you got Synaptics package manager pointed? What repos? They should point at Ubuntu repos.
To do network sharing as you know it from windoze, you install samba server on the ubuntu system. It has to be configured. I would recommend you follow a tutorial to get started.
Here is one -->Basic Samba Network File Sharing
or this one, -->Down-and-dirty Samba is UP --- NOW
Both are on this board, look at the top for the Tutorial link, follow it to Networking, both entries are there.
Is it secure? Well, that all depends on how you set samba up. You can make it relatively secure, if you set it up with user ID's and passwords. Its hackable, however your risks are no greater than they are on windbloze.
The next thing to consider is just how are the files on the two systems to be used? If all you need is to copy files back and forth, then ftp will do that, or scp through ssh if you want a secure, un-hackable connection.
If you want to open a remote file and edit it, then you need samba, since windies doesn't support NFS for free. Linus to linux you can use NFS, easier to set up than samba, not any more secure though.
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Is this the best way to share folders securely?
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Security is an ongoing process you have to administer; on any system. If you are behind a firewall, samba with user ID's and passwords is usually enough. No firewall, and your shorts are down...