Edit: Petri Kaukasoina beat me to it.
My
You are getting the message because "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz" is not a properly formatted Slackware package.
What is a properly formatted package?
name-version-arch-build.typepkg (at least five segments)
"name" can be up to four segments, e.g, name1-name2-name3-name4-version-arch-build.typepkg (eight segments)
Why did upgradepkg produce the error?
To search /var/lib/pkgtools/packages it needs get the the "name" out of the "package name". Which looks like it should be "signal-desktop". Unfortunately because "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz" is not properly formatted, upgradepkg fails when looking in /var/lib/pkgtools/packkages.
To get the "name" out of "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz":
First, upgradepkg drops the ".txz" from "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz"
Second, upgradepkg test that there are at least four segments in "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64".
That test fails, there are three segments. So "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64" is used for "name"
This causes the failure when looking in /var/lib/pkgtools/packages for "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64", "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64" does not exist in /var/lib/pkgtools/packages.
Note with an "in spec" "name" with at least four segments test, last three segments (version-arch-build) are dropped leaving the "name", in this case with a properly formatted package it would be "signal-desktop".
'upgradepkg *.txz' will fail on "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz"
'upgradepkg --install-new *.txz' works because the "name" "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64" cannot be found /var/lib/pkgtools/packages so to upgradepkg "signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64" is new.
May as well use:
installpkg signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz, in this case it is the same thing.
do an 'ls -1 /var/lib/pkgtools/packages/signal*' or "ls /var/log/packages/ | grep signal" as see what you get.
What the solution?
first:
'removepkg" /var/lib/pkgtools/packages/signal-desktop_6.11.0-beta.1_amd64'
'removepkg /var/lib/pkgtools/packages/signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64'
second:
'mv signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz signal-desktop-6.12.0-beta.1-amd64.txz'
-OR-
'mv signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz signal-desktop-6.12.0_beta-1.amd64.txz'
-OR even-
'mv signal-desktop_6.12.0-beta.1_amd64.txz signal-desktop-6.12.0_beta-amd64-1.txz'
As long as it meets the "in spec" package name. Do this from now on.
Then use installpkg or upgradepkg on the newly name package.
The real solution in my opinion is to use SBo, there is a signal-desktop listed. I bit out of date, just change the VERSION variable.
My preferred solition with be to make my own SlackBuild, but that's just me.