I seriously doubt you will be able to boot a windows iso file from Grub2. That works with 'some' Linux distributions but not all.
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from a partition where its contents have been extracted to
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That should work. I expect you will need to boot from one drive and install to another. How did you try to extract the iso? Usually a simple loop mount commandd will do it. You need to loop mount the windows iso then copy the contents to another partition since if you loop mount it won't remain on reboot and you will need to reboot.
Is your Puppy flash drive persistent? If not, anything you install is lost on reboot. The error you are reporting usually means you are trying to install Grub on a read-only filesystem. I haven't used Puppy for years so I'm not familiar with it. You might take a look at the link below which explains how to boot a windows iso file extracted to a partition using Grub2. Tried it with a windows 10 iso and it did work.
http://onetransistor.blogspot.ch/201...om-ubuntu.html
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how can I make grub2 boot from my windows iso file afterwards
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You can't boot grub2 from a windows iso. Did you post that incorrectly?