I am planning on creating a few packages to redistribute them so other users can install them in their own systems. Because of that reason, I am wondering how to do so? More specifically, can I distribute binary packages just by including a file that contains a link to the source code together with another file that specifies the options that were used to compile the program? Do I need to include something else? Maybe licenses? Will it not be enough to include a file that contains a direct link to the source that was used (once the source is downloaded, of course, there will be the licenses and copyright notices)? Or is it mandatory to create a custom directory such as /usr/share/licenses and populate it?

Depends on the license. Also, you might get legal advice here but it will only be worth what you are paying for it.

Don't use a common directory. Use /use/share/<myprogram>/ to avoid conflicts.