Start with the printer first.
You have one printer, but you can have many virtual printers. By that I mean that you can define printer setups. All use the same printer, but each setup has different configuration.
Example:
printer one: photo
printer two: normal color
printer three: normal grey
printer four: draft color
printer five: draft grey
They will appear to be different printers as far as the system is concerned. When you are ready to print something, just select the printer setup to use for color, grey, photo, etc.
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See your printer setup application documentation for more info.
Now, for printing the pdf. I don't know of a utility that emulates duplex printing as is done in m$windows. However, in the pdf viewer of your choice, go to file - print, and you may be able to set printing of odd or even pages only. You can also set 'collate' as the first run through, then rotate the pages in the printer paper tray. To print the second run, select the appropriate (odd or even) and change 'collate' to 'reverse' to print the remaining pages in reverse order. Otherwise, you will have to manually re-stack the pages for the second run.
At least, that's how it works in Kpdf.
I don't know of any application in the Linux world that allows you to edit pdf files. However, you can convert them to Postscript (ps) files, and edit those. Then reconvert to pdf if you like.
For future reference:
www.google.com/linux is the place to go to search for information.