The screen brightness information is usually stored in /sys/class/backlight, for me on a Thinkpad x200 it's /sys/class/backlight/intel_backlight/brightness. If you want to change the brightness without installing any external program you should look around in there, there should be a max_brightness file too.
The easiest method though is using xbacklight (you might have to install it). You can use it to change the screen brightness with
Code:
xbacklight -set <0-100>