Looks like you need to install libc6-dev and have you heard of the apt-file package it allows you you to search for these missing files in packages that you have not installed. It is like apt-get in that you use
apt-file update to update its database then use
apt-file search missing_file to find the package you need.
Code:
HappyTux:/home/stephen# apt-file search sys/types.h
cmix: usr/share/cmix/shadow/sys/types.h
dietlibc-dev: usr/include/diet/sys/types.h
ecos: usr/src/ecos/packages/isoinfra/v2_0/include/sys/types.h
libc6-dev: usr/include/sys/types.h
mingw32-runtime: usr/i586-mingw32msvc/include/sys/types.h
pnetc: usr/share/cscc/include/sys/types.h
HappyTux:/home/stephen# apt-file search include/limits.h
ecos: usr/src/ecos/packages/compat/posix/v2_0/include/limits.h
ecos: usr/src/ecos/packages/io/fileio/v2_0/include/limits.h
ecos: usr/src/ecos/packages/isoinfra/v2_0/include/limits.h
fixincludes: usr/lib/gcc-lib/x86_64-linux/3.3.5/install-tools/include/limits.h
gcc-3.3: usr/lib/gcc-lib/x86_64-linux/3.3.5/include/limits.h
gcc-3.4: usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux/3.4.4/include/limits.h
gcc-avr: usr/lib/gcc/avr/3.4.3/include/limits.h
gcc-avr: usr/lib/gcc/avr/3.4.3/install-tools/include/limits.h
libc6-dev: usr/include/limits.h
mingw32: usr/lib/gcc/i586-mingw32msvc/3.4.2/include/limits.h
mingw32: usr/lib/gcc/i586-mingw32msvc/3.4.2/install-tools/include/limits.h
mingw32-runtime: usr/i586-mingw32msvc/include/limits.h
pnetc: usr/share/cscc/include/limits.h
sdcc-libraries: usr/share/sdcc/include/limits.h
While you are at it you may want to install the build-essential meta package as well. It will install a few things you will probably need/want to have.
Edit: While I am at it I notice you are root when compiling the kernel you should install fakeroot and use that as normal user to compile your kernel (fakeroot make-kpkg kernel_image .....). For this to work you should
adduser username src so you are a member of the src group then logout and back in for the change to take effect.