Your image shows Secure Boot enabled. Try disabling it in the BIOS firmware although that should not be necessary.
The link to the Linux Mint forums explains how to verify downloaded files in windows and shows nothing about installing Mint nor does it show any step to enter an entry in the windows bootloader. I don't think that will work, particularly if you have an EFI system. Under the Finally section on that page, there is a link explaining how to create a bootable iso. Did you also go through that process? That page specifically states to use Etcher.
There is other software designed specifically for creating a bootable usb for a Linux iso while using windows and you can do that with Rufus also. The image you post shows some references to an ntfs partition. If you have a Linux iso file on an ntfs partition, you can boot it from Grub2 but I don't know how you would boot it from windows. Are you supposed to somehow boot with Rufus. Why not just write it to a usb?
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