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Old 02-22-2018, 03:14 PM   #31
sundialsvcs
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root is a special case with containers.

Processes which are running in a containerized environment need to have their own personal perspective of what "user-ids" are. Containers handle this by mapping the user-ids that are perceived by the container to the actual user-ids of the host. Obviously, processes from time to time need to switch to a uid=0 context, and to then appear to(!) exercise super-powers within their container.

The question is: "does the host see 'root?'" Do the powers of a "super-user" within a container therefore extend to the host?

If the container is "non-privileged," as it certainly always should be, a process in a container can believe that it is "root" ... when, to the Linux host, it actually isn't. Linux will dutifully report to the process that it has uid=0. Linux will – up to a point – maintain the illusion of "rootliness." But its actual user-id, as seen by the host, might be 123456. (This arbitrary but non-zero value is unknown to it.) In reality, the process cannot exercise root privileges upon the host. But it is king of its little world.

If the container is "privileged," then its user-id really is zero, even on the host.

For obvious reasons, I counsel that a container should n-e-v-e-r be privileged. If you need to do something on the host which actually requires root privileges on the host, do it outside of the container. You can see the mapping that the container cannot see, so you can arrange things to look right when viewed from the container's perspective.

Last edited by sundialsvcs; 02-22-2018 at 03:34 PM.
 
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Old 02-22-2018, 03:44 PM   #32
simosx
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Quote:
Originally Posted by sundialsvcs View Post
For obvious reasons, I counsel that a container should n-e-v-e-r be privileged. If you need to do something on the host which actually requires root privileges on the host, do it outside of the container. You can see the mapping that the container cannot see, so you can arrange things to look right when viewed from the container's perspective.
To check whether a LXD container is privileged, run

Quote:
lxc config get guiapps security.privileged
By default, LXD containers are not privileged. You have to set the flag security.privileged in order for them to be such.
 
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Old 02-23-2018, 06:50 AM   #33
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Hi simosx and sundialsvcs,

thank you so much for the explanation.

In the meantime I got teamviewer running within the container, thanks to simosī great tutorial.
As far as the user-id of processes is concerned I have another question though:

Running "ps -ef" in the host gives me amongst other information the following results:
Code:
root      2795     1  1 13:07 ?        00:00:23 /usr/bin/lxd --group lxd --logfile=/var/log/lxd/lxd.log
lxd       2956     1  0 13:07 ?        00:00:00 dnsmasq --strict-order --bind-interfaces --pid-file=/var/lib/lxd/networks/lxdbr0/dnsmasq.pid --e
rosika    3629  2361  4 13:15 ?        00:00:48 terminology
rosika    3633  3629  0 13:15 pts/1    00:00:00 /usr/bin/fish
root      3747     2  0 13:16 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/u16:2]
root      4332   905  0 13:19 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/dhclient -d -q -sf /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-helper -pf /var/run/dhclient-ens33.pid
root      4705     1  0 13:21 ?        00:00:00 [lxc monitor] /var/lib/lxd/containers guiapps
231072    4726  4705  0 13:21 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/init
231072    4830  4726  0 13:21 ?        00:00:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-journald
231072    4839  4726  0 13:21 ?        00:00:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
root      4921     2  0 13:21 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:5]
231072    5208  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/dhclient -1 -v -pf /run/dhclient.eth0.pid -lf /var/lib/dhcp/dhclient.eth0.leases -I -df /v
231072    5317  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-logind
231072    5329  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/cron -f
231179    5332  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
231073    5363  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/atd -f
231176    5364  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n
231072    5367  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/accountsservice/accounts-daemon
231072    5381  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
231072    5393  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/snapd/snapd
root      5428     2  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 [iscsi_eh]
231072    5509  4726  0 13:22 pts/2    00:00:00 /bin/login --
231072    5566  4726  0 13:22 ?        00:00:00 /usr/lib/policykit-1/polkitd --no-debug
rosika    6164  3633  0 13:23 pts/1    00:00:00 lxc console guiapps
root      6169  2795  0 13:23 ?        00:00:00 /usr/bin/lxd forkconsole guiapps /var/lib/lxd/containers /var/log/lxd/guiapps/lxc.conf tty=0 esc
rosika    6211  4726  0 13:23 ?        00:00:00 /lib/systemd/systemd --user
rosika    6221  6211  0 13:23 ?        00:00:00 (sd-pam)
rosika    6230  5509  0 13:23 pts/2    00:00:00 -bash
rosika    6256  6230  0 13:23 pts/2    00:00:00 fish
rosika    6386  2361  4 13:25 ?        00:00:23 terminology
rosika    6390  6386  0 13:25 pts/4    00:00:00 /usr/bin/fish
root      6646     2  0 13:28 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/u16:0]
root      6650     2  0 13:28 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/u16:3]
rosika    6799  6256  1 13:33 pts/2    00:00:00 c:\TeamViewer\TeamViewer.exe -n
rosika    6930  4726  0 13:33 ?        00:00:00 /home/ubuntu/alte_version_teamviewer/teamviewer/tv_bin/wine/bin/wineserver
rosika    6932  6799  0 13:33 pts/2    00:00:00 /home/ubuntu/alte_version_teamviewer/teamviewer/tv_bin/teamviewerd -n -f
rosika    6965  4726  0 13:33 ?        00:00:00 C:\windows\system32\services.exe
rosika    6970  4726  0 13:33 ?        00:00:00 C:\windows\system32\explorer.exe /desktop
rosika    6976  6799  0 13:33 pts/2    00:00:00 [TeamViewer.exe] <defunct>
rosika    6977  6799  0 13:33 pts/2    00:00:00 /home/ubuntu/alte_version_teamviewer/teamviewer//tv_bin/TVGuiSlave.32 19 6
rosika    6978  6799  0 13:33 pts/2    00:00:00 /home/ubuntu/alte_version_teamviewer/teamviewer//tv_bin/TVGuiDelegate 19 6
root      7122     2  0 13:33 ?        00:00:00 [kworker/0:1]
rosika    7130  6390  0 13:34 pts/4    00:00:00 ps -ef
So I see "rosika" as user-id for "teamviewer" (which is running in the container). Is this right?
Quote:
If the container is "privileged," then its user-id really is zero, even on the host.
O.K., at least the user-id isnīt zero. Thatīs good. But is it alright that it is "rosika". I mean thus I can kill the process from the host (not only from within the container).
Or is it just due to the fact that itīs a GUI-based application (Mapping the user ID ......)

Greetings.
Rosika
 
Old 02-23-2018, 07:24 AM   #34
sundialsvcs
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The user-id's 231xxx are most-likely those of the container occupants.

Containers use a mapping-table to map the user-ids seen by the container (including uid=0) into the actual ones known to the host. Container occupants do not know what the mapping is. And you'd need to look in the same place to see if any of them are mapped to rosika.

Also – Wine is a bit of a special case within a containerized environment because it has to have access to the host's X-server. "Google it" for more details.

Yes, because the container processes are, in fact, "Linux processes," the host can kill them. But I suggest that you do it within the appropriate container environment. You don't want to do something that might break the illusion . . .

Last edited by sundialsvcs; 02-23-2018 at 07:26 AM.
 
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Old 02-23-2018, 08:34 AM   #35
Rosika
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Hi sundialsvcs,

tnx a lot.
Info: I forgot to mention: "lxc config get guiapps security.privileged" gave me no output whatsoever. Thus I assume everything is alright and Iīm running an unprivileged container.

Quote:
Yes, because the container processes are, in fact, "Linux processes," the host can kill them. But I suggest that you do it within the appropriate container environment. You don't want to do something that might break the illusion . . .
Well, I did it just once in order to make a correct statement here. Hope it didnīt hurt too much. But thanks for your suggestion.

Yet thereīs still one thing that puzzles me:

When logging into my container by using the command lxc console guiapps I cannot make use of top.
I get the normal display of processes but it more or less stops working immediately. Furthermore it says:
Quote:
Unknown command - try 'h' for help
I have no idea why that is.
Itīs a bit of a puzzler given the fact that when running the container with lxc exec guiapps -- sudo --login --user ubuntu
top works as it should! With no weird behaviour whatsoever.
And itīs similar with htop. This one at least seems to work, but when closing with CTRL+c the terminal shows
Code:
[?64;1;2;6;9;15;18;21;22c
Thatīs also the case with top.
Do you have any idea why (h)top is beahving in such a way and what I could do about it?

Greetings.
Rosika
 
Old 02-23-2018, 09:00 AM   #36
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Hi Rosika and sundialsvcs,

The instructions at https://blog.simos.info/how-to-run-g...buntu-desktop/
have a step that does userid mapping for your non-root user from the host to the container.
It is the part with title Mapping the user ID of the host to the container (PREREQUISITE).

In other words, the processes of the container's non-root user account can be affected by the host's non-root user account. For example, your host's non-root user account can kill a GUI process running in the container.
However, as far as I understand, the process that launched in the container does not have access to the host's filesystem.
The container is not privileged, but there is a hole to enable running GUI apps with graphics acceleration.

The alternative would be to use a separate graphics-accelerated X server like Xephyr, and send the container's output there.
I have not tried this.

Regarding top and htop, they both work for me on the guiapps container and also a vanilla container.
I tried with both gnome-terminal and xterm (of course running these terminal emulators on the host).
 
Old 02-23-2018, 09:32 AM   #37
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Hi Simos,

tnx again.
Quote:
It is the part with title Mapping the user ID of the host to the container (PREREQUISITE).
Yes, I followed your instructions precisely. I just wanted to make sure that everythingīs running o.k.
And it really seems to do do.

As far as (h)top is concerned you inspired me to test xterm.
I installed it in the guiapps-container and upon starting it opened a new window (xterminal). I think thatīs due to the fact that we got graphics-accelerated GUI apps running in the container.

And now it worked. Top and htop are both running without complaint even when starting the container with "lxc console guiapps"!
No idea why I couldnīt get it working any other way. Yet Iīm very pleased with that workaround.

Thanks a lot for your help.
And a big thank you to all the other helpers too.

Greetings.
Rosika
 
Old 02-23-2018, 11:44 AM   #38
sundialsvcs
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Quote:
Originally Posted by simosx View Post
In other words, the processes of the container's non-root user account can be affected by the host's non-root user account. For example, your host's non-root user account can kill a GUI process running in the container.
However, as far as I understand, the process that launched in the container does not have access to the host's filesystem.
The container is not privileged, but there is a hole to enable running GUI apps with graphics acceleration.
The user-ids seen by the container occupant are specific to the container's environment and the container occupant thinks that he has control of them. What he does not know is that they are being mapped to host-side user-ids. (Ditto group-ids.) You determine the mapping when you set up the container. Yes, other processes which are not running with the container's rose-colored-glasses on can also see those processes ... as they actually are.

You also determine – chroot-jail style – what filesystem topology it is able to see. You can also set strict limits on what resources it may consume.

When a "container occupant" process is dispatched by the host, the entire set of kernel-settings that implements these various illusions is put in place for that process every time it runs. Other processes running on the same machine might not have these illusions put in front of their eyes. (Or, they may have a different set of illusions.) But, conceptually, "a container" is: "a cleverly-crafted and efficient illusion." The occupants believe that they know what the real world looks like, but they are totally wrong. (And, they don't care. It's good enough for them.)

Last edited by sundialsvcs; 02-23-2018 at 11:49 AM.
 
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Old 02-25-2018, 08:59 AM   #39
Rosika
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Hi sundialsvcs,

tnx for the detailed explanation.
For the beginner of containerization not everything is easy to understand. Yet the more I read (especially the good explanations and tutorials provided by you and simosx) the more I get it. Itīs a really fascinating field.
Perhaps Iīm a bit paranoid but I think nowadays itīs certainly more important than it used to be to implement as many security mechanisms as possible.

And itīs not just teamviewer I wanted to get running, but that was my main objective in the beginning.
(Thatīs due to the fact that I couldnīt get it running within firejail.)
But running it in the lxd-container is successful. Really fascinating!

So now that everything works fine thereīs just one thing which puzzles me a bit.

When logging in with "lxc console guiapps" I get the following message:

Code:
run-parts: /etc/update-motd.d/98-fsck-at-reboot exited with return code 1
Iīm not sure what to make of it and what it really means.
Everything is working fine though. So it doesnīt seem to have any consequences. Yet Iīm curious about it.

Do you have any ideas?

Greetings.
Rosika
  

 





  

 


 
Old 02-25-2018, 09:05 AM   #40
pan64
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motd is: message of the day (see man motd). You may check what is in that file. The message probably means: when you started the container (which is similar to a boot) fsck was executed, but failed for some reason. You may need to check logs related to it.
 
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Old 02-25-2018, 09:44 AM   #41
Rosika
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Hi pan64,

tnx for your help.
I found the file "98-fsck-at-reboot"
But it just contains the script:
Code:
#!/bin/sh

if [ -x /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot ]; then
    exec /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot
fi
In /var/log I couldnīt find any logs related to that phenomenon.

Code:
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root   3184 Feb 25 14:26 alternatives.log
-rw-r----- 1 root   adm    3183 Feb 19 16:36 apport.log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root   root   4096 Jan 26 04:45 apt/
-rw-r----- 1 syslog adm   30479 Feb 25 15:17 auth.log
-rw------- 1 root   utmp   4608 Feb 22 16:35 btmp
-rw-r--r-- 1 syslog adm  931570 Feb 25 15:13 cloud-init.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root  32625 Feb 25 15:13 cloud-init-output.log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root   root   4096 Oct 20 10:35 dist-upgrade/
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root 257183 Feb 25 14:26 dpkg.log
-rw-r--r-- 1 root   root    510 Feb 19 16:05 fontconfig.log
drwxr-xr-x 2 root   root   4096 Jan 26 04:43 fsck/
-rw-r----- 1 syslog adm    1470 Feb 25 15:13 kern.log
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root   utmp 292292 Feb 25 15:13 lastlog
drwxr-xr-x 2 root   root   4096 Dec  7 21:54 lxd/
-rw-r----- 1 syslog adm  237309 Feb 25 15:28 syslog
drwxr-x--- 2 root   adm    4096 Feb 22 13:38 unattended-upgrades/
-rw-rw-r-- 1 root   utmp  44928 Feb 25 15:13 wtmp
I logged in at around Feb 25 16:15. So no entry there.

But thanks anyway.

Greetings.
Rosika
 
Old 02-25-2018, 09:56 AM   #42
pan64
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so most probably the execution of /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot has failed.
there is a dir named fsck, probably you can find something in it (or in kernlog, syslog). Check the date/time of execution in the logs, that may help to find relevant lines.
 
Old 02-25-2018, 10:14 AM   #43
Rosika
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Hi again,

I really do appreciate yor help. Tnx.
Yet Iīm sorry to say that I couldnīt find anything helpful.

The fsck-directory has just 2 entries in it:
Code:
ubuntu@guiapps /v/l/fsck> ls -l
total 0
-rw-r----- 1 root adm 0 Jan 26 04:44 checkfs
-rw-r----- 1 root adm 0 Jan 26 04:44 checkroot
Both files are empty.

Neither kern.log nor syslog mention anything remotely connected to fsck.
Iīm a bit at a loss here.
But never mind. At least I know the following (thanks to your info):
Quote:
most probably the execution of /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot has failed
BTW: I found out that Iīm not alone with experiencing such behaviour.
On https://superuser.com/questions/8802...-return-code-1 thereīs
a user with that problem as well. But I think that one may have different causes....

Greetings.
Rosika
 
Old 02-25-2018, 04:26 PM   #44
simosx
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When you log in into Ubuntu, you get a motd with fresh information relating to your system.
There are scripts that are running in

Code:
ubuntu@guiapps:~$ ls -l /etc/update-motd.d/
total 8
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1220 Oct 22  2015 00-header
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 1157 Jun 14  2016 10-help-text
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  334 Sep 19 19:17 51-cloudguest
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root   97 May 24  2016 90-updates-available
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  299 Jul 22  2016 91-release-upgrade
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  111 May 11  2017 97-overlayroot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  142 May 24  2016 98-fsck-at-reboot
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root  144 May 24  2016 98-reboot-required
ubuntu@guiapps:~$
For example, 90-updates-available will check whether updates are available, and report back what security updates and other updates are there.

Code:
98-fsck-at-reboot
reports back to motd whether a fsck is scheduled, or required.
It does not make sense for a container to deal with fsck issues because these are handled by the host.
Therefore, the issue here is that the script should return back 0 (no error) and effectively be silent.
That is, we have found a bug and need to report it somewhere.

Where shall we report it to?
Quote:
ubuntu@guiapps:~$ dpkg -S /etc/update-motd.d/98-fsck-at-reboot
update-notifier-common: /etc/update-motd.d/98-fsck-at-reboot
$ dpkg -S /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot
update-notifier-common: /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot
ubuntu@guiapps:~$
So, here is the project page, https://launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/update-notifier
There is a tab there called Bugs where we could report this.
Something like "When logging into a container through the console, we get that error".

Ideally, we should figure out where in /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot do we get the error. But how?

We can edit the first line at /usr/lib/update-notifier/update-motd-fsck-at-reboot and change into
Code:
#!/bin/bash -x
The -x says to show tracing information.

Let's log in again through the console.
Code:
$ lxc console guiapps
To detach from the console, press: <ctrl>+a q

Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS guiapps console

guiapps login: ubuntu
Password: 
Last login: Sun Feb 25 22:01:12 UTC 2018 on console
+ set -e
+ '[' '' = --force ']'
+ stamp=/var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot
+ '[' -e /var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot ']'
++ stat -c %Y /var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot
+ stampt=1519592650
+++ awk '{print $1}' /proc/uptime
++ date -d 'now - 16759.00 seconds' +%s
+ last_boot=1519579337
++ date +%s
+ now=1519596096
+ '[' 1519596250 -lt 1519596096 ']'
+ '[' 1519592650 -gt 1519596096 ']'
+ '[' 1519592650 -lt 1519579337 ']'
+ '[' -n '' ']'
+ cat /var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot
Welcome to Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS (GNU/Linux 4.13.0-36-generic x86_64)
...
Hmm, we do not get the error now. What's wrong? Perhaps we need to restart the container first?
Code:
$ lxc stop guiapps
$ lxc start guiapps
$ lxc console guiapps
To detach from the console, press: <ctrl>+a q

Ubuntu 16.04.3 LTS guiapps console

guiapps login: ubuntu
Password: 
Last login: Sun Feb 25 22:01:36 UTC 2018 on console
+ set -e
+ '[' '' = --force ']'
+ stamp=/var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot
+ '[' -e /var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot ']'
++ stat -c %Y /var/lib/update-notifier/fsck-at-reboot
+ stampt=1519592650
+++ awk '{print $1}' /proc/uptime
++ date -d 'now - 61.00 seconds' +%s
+ last_boot=1519596455
++ date +%s
+ now=1519596516
+ '[' 1519596250 -lt 1519596516 ']'
+ NEEDS_FSCK_CHECK=yes
+ '[' -n yes ']'
+ check_occur_any=
++ awk '$5 ~ /^ext(2|3|4)$/ { print $1 }'
++ mount
+ ext_partitions='/dev/sda5
/dev/sda5
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda1
/dev/sda1'
+ for part in '$ext_partitions'
++ dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda5
+ dumpe2fs_out='Couldn'\''t find valid filesystem superblock.'
run-parts: /etc/update-motd.d/98-fsck-at-reboot exited with return code 1
ubuntu@guiapps:~$
The command that fails is dumpe2fs -h /dev/sda5. That's the root device of the host...
I have not dug deeper than this. I suppose that it relates to the changes we did to guiapps
in order to run GUI apps. guiapps can see the device name but cannot access it, hence the error.
I tried with a normal container and I do not get the issue.

Therefore, if it is an issue with only guiapps and similar such containers, then I can say that the message
can be safely ignored.
 
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Old 02-26-2018, 08:43 AM   #45
Rosika
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Hi simosx,

thank you so much for your very detailed explanation. You put a lot of work into it. Very much appreciated.

I followed it step by step.
Quote:
[...] guiapps can see the device name but cannot access it, hence the error. [...] Therefore, if it is an issue with only guiapps and similar such containers, then I can say that the message can be safely ignored.
O.K. Thatīs the explanation then.
So to sum up: nothing to be really worried about. Fine!
Quote:
I tried with a normal container and I do not get the issue.
Yeah, itīs the same with me. When I log into the container with "lxc exec guiapps -- sudo --login --user ubuntu" I donīt get this error-message either. Just when using "lxc console guiapps".

Glad this could be sorted out.

I probably forgot to mention that Iīve been testing these lxd-containers by running them within my virtual machine (bodhi linux, 32 bit).
Before installing them on my productive system (Lubuntu, 64 bit) I thought it might be a good idea to get those containers running in my VM. If itīs successful there and I have no problems handling them then theyīll probably work to my satisfaction on my host-system as well.

At the beginning I was considering docker but soon learned that it requires a 64-bit host to run on.
Therefore I decided on lxd-containers. And now they really work fine.


So a big thank you to you Simos and all the other helpers.
Iīm so glad about the fantastic help I got.

Greetings.
Rosika
 
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