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Depends exactly what you want to know.
As mentioned, if you are logged in as a user, 'id' will tell you about that user's current settings. See also env or set.
For all users check the /etc/passwd file eg
cat /etc/passwd
for group info
cat /etc/groups
both as root.
'getent' is one seldom mentioned. Shame since it can query more databases next to passwd and groups: you can list all users like 'getent passwd' or grep for terms like 'getent services ssh' or 'getent aliases postmaster'.
The command "id" will tell you about any user, not just the one logged in. You just have to pass the user you are looking for to the command as a parameter.
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