Originally Posted by lucmove

By "numbers to score and identify a situation" I mean, for example, file permissions. 4, 2, 1, and 0 allow very unique and specific sum combinations that identify each specific situation and can be translated into one single number.

0 (0+0+0) – No permission.
1 (0+0+1) – Only execute permission.
2 (0+2+0) – Only write permission.
3 (0+2+1) – Write and execute permissions.
4 (4+0+0) – Only read permission.
5 (4+0+1) – Read and execute permission.
6 (4+2+0) – Read and write permissions.
7 (4+2+1) – Read, write, and execute permission.

Each sum is unique.

I don't know if there is a name for that specifically in math. Is there?

Anyway, how far can I go and how am I supposed to find other numbers?