When I install apps from the command line, where do they go? The only place I can find them is in "history."

To find out where the application is installed run:

When you install a software package on Linux, not all the files go in one place. The executable generally goes into /usr/bin, but related libraries and configuration files may go into other locations. This article on the Linux directory structure might help you: http://www.thegeekstuff.com/2010/09/...tem-structure/

Other commands, in addition to which, that you may find helpful are find, locate, and whereis. I find myself using locate and whereis frequently. See their respective man pages for more information.

It's worth pointing out that when you install graphical applications in Linux, they do not usually put an icon on your desktop as happens in Windows. Windows users often think something hasn't been installed properly because they can't see an icon for it.

In Linux, it is considered very rude for an app to plonk itself on your desktop without asking your permission. It will usually be put automatically into your desktop menu, and you can look for it there as well as by using the suggested commands. But desktop icons are your favourite shortcuts and you always create them yourself.

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Welcome to the forum.
The above advice is all good. Since it looks like you are using ubuntu, I just wanted to add,
the unity DE is not very helpful at finding anything in the graphical interface.
A DE like Cinnamon, is a lot easier to find your apps on.

what exactly do you mean by "When I install apps from the command line"?
and what exactly do you mean by "history"?

Assuming that you are using Ubuntu's default Unity desktop environment, try tapping the Super (Windows) key and then typing a few letters of the app you're looking for.

For example, if I wanted to run Firefox, I would tap the Super key and then start typing F... I... R... E... F... (etc.)

Ubuntu has no bash completion?