Most logs are in
/var/log. The ones most likely of interest to you are:
boot.msg - the most recent bootup
boot.omsg - the next most recent bootup
messages - a chronological collection of system messages
Xorg.0.log
XFree86.0.log
The latter two might contain some info on the graphics bootup process.
[edit] You might find some archived messages with names like
messages-20061105.gz. These contain messages that predate the date-time stamp in the filename. These files may be useful, depending on how much time has passed since your problem occurred.