Ubuntu is based of Debian, so you can use apt-get from the command line. Synaptic is simply a graphical frontend to apt. To install a package, use "sudo apt-get install packageName", where packageName is whatever program you want installed. You can find the exact package name using "apt-cache search program".
To install rpms, use apt-get to install alien "sudo apt-get install alien". Then use alien to create a deb package of the rpm, and install it using "dpkg -i packageName.deb" You would probably be better off using apt-get to install programs, rather that converting rpms.
With regards to synaptic, what happens when you try to run it? Start it from a terminal window, and post the error messages here.
I hope this helps
--Ian
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