I usually run a live cd/usb linux session with gparted on it.
Then I boot the live session and run
"Check" on improper unmounted drives that won't work anymore.
Be they flash drives or internal hard drives.
This fixes most issues for me.
Quote:
Task 7: Check & repair filesystem
GParted can also be used to try to fix errors on corrupt filesystems, like after a sudden power outage, for instance. Choose the relevant partition, right-click > Check.
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