You can find out where the files belonging to a package are if you know the package name. Open a terminal and do this:
Code:
dpkg --listfiles packagename
You will find that the files are split up by type and installed in various locations according to the file type. For example, binaries usually go in /usr/bin, library files in /usr/lib, manual pages will go in /usr/share/man and so on. In these directories you will find the files for many packages.
The reasoning for this layout can be found in a document called the
Linux Filesystem Hierarchy Standard. This is pretty dry reading, but there is some good info in there if you are curious about what should go where, and why.