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The format of a symbolic mode is ‘[ugoa...][[+-=][rwxXs-
tugo...]...][,...]’. Multiple symbolic operations can be given, sepa-
rated by commas.
A combination of the letters ‘ugoa’ controls which users’ access to the
file will be changed: the user who owns it (u), other users in the
file’s group (g), other users not in the file’s group (o), or all users
(a). If none of these are given, the effect is as if ‘a’ were given,
but bits that are set in the umask are not affected.
The operator ‘+’ causes the permissions selected to be added to the
existing permissions of each file; ‘-’ causes them to be removed; and
‘=’ causes them to be the only permissions that the file has.
The letters ‘rwxXstugo’ select the new permissions for the affected
users: read (r), write (w), execute (or access for directories) (x),
execute only if the file is a directory or already has execute permis-
sion for some user (X), set user or group ID on execution (s), sticky
(t), the permissions granted to the user who owns the file (u), the
permissions granted to other users who are members of the file’s group
(g), and the permissions granted to users that are in neither of the
two preceding categories (o).
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