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Hopefully you unmounted any filesystems that relied on /dev/sda or its partitions before the shred. If you had metadisks or LVM relied on /dev/sda or its partitions you need to verify that what is left (e.g. if RAID1 your /dev/sdb) is also shred'ed.
The man page for shred cautions that it doesn't work for journaled filesystems however, so long as the filesystems were unmounted before the shred and you did it on the device (/dev/sda) rather than the mounted filesystem this shouldn't be a concern.
What I do after shred'ding devices is just try to mount the filesystem. If that fails then it tends to confirm it was overwritten.
What syg00 advised would let you see what is at the beginning of the device. However, unless you knew what it was before you did the shred I'm not sure you would recognize if it had changed.
Note to bradvan: Shred has an option to specify a urandom device.
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