Welcome.
It's not unique to GNU/Linux, any non-Windows system will be about the same: you can store the IP numbers in a file, one per line, then read that file with your shell script using a
while loop so that the IP numbers end up in a
variable which then gets used when you call
curl.
The details will be buried in the manual page for
bash, or whichever shell you will be using.
The manual page will be overwhelming at first, there's no way around that, but it's the authoritative reference for shell scripting with bash. So it is very useful to get used to using it to look up things, such as the while loop.