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Have you made sure the sound isn't set to "mute" in whatever volume control is provided? Fedora used to have something in System Preferences. It seems silly, but I've seen distros that actually install like that!
What is your default soundcard? Try creating a file ~/.asoundrc to define what sound card you want ALSA to default to. Assuming you want to use your computer's soundcard and not HDMI (you don't actually specify which you want, so I'm assuming), the file should contain something like this:
You might want to reboot for safety (or you can opt to restart ALSA and Pulse, if you're a strict Non-Rebootian).
Once logged back in, re-check ALSA mixer to ensure volumes are up and everything's non muted.
Then open pavucontrol and check the Configuration tab: turn OFF the HDMI device and activate the Built-In Audio option (a likely setting is Analog Stereo Duplex, such that your internal soundcard is serving both input and output).
Check the Output Devices tab: make sure your output device is set to your speakers or headphones or whatever it is you want sound from (again, you have not specified this in your question, so I'm assuming).
Leave pavucontrol open so you can see output levels.
Open some sound application (you don't specify in your question what you are testing with). Go into its preferences and make sure it's using Pulse Audio as its output device. If no Pulse is listed, fallback on ALSA.
notKlaatu - I made the file as you suggested and I was able to choose my default sound card. After a reboot (I'm no non-rebootian), I am hearing sound for the first time.
One thing I do find curious though is under Configuration, I am getting sound on the profile Digital Stereo (HDMI2) Output
Since I know I don't have any HDMI ports currently being used, I find it odd that it's mislabelled.
Under the Output Devices tab, It does say HDMI / DisplayPort 2 (plugged in), but it threw me for a bit.
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