well there are plenty of streaming clients, like icecast / ices
more in line with what you are actually asking, i.e. a local server connection as in X11 forwarding, then both esd and arts can do this. I'd have liked to be pretty sue that alsa could too, but i'm unable to find anythign about it...
here is a link for details about esd:
http://linuxreviews.org/howtos/sound/ and i think the arts equivalent is pretty similar.