your friend probably hasn't enabled any NAT translations on his public interface. It makes sense that you would be able to pull web pages via his proxy, but not ping external hosts.
get him to setup NAT on his box, or if it's already enabled (and he's not filtering established connections), check the default gateway setting on your workstation and make sure it points through to him.
the ICMP functions of Squid only apply to the way it selects an 'optimal location to forward a cache miss'. ie: these functions are only useful if you have multiple upstream parent proxies. Squid has to be complied specifically to use these directives.
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