I've been trying to figure this out for a few hours and I've made zero progress.

On my desktop computer (Linux Mint), I set up a shared folder using the "Shared Folders" dialog. I had to share as a Windows share because there were no other options available.

My Android devices can connect to it just fine through ES File Explorer-- I just have to enter the username and password. But when I try to connect to it from my laptop through Caja (also Linux Mint), I get "Failed to mount Windows share: Invalid Argument." (Attached screenshot.)

I've also tried to connect via SSH, based on something I found on Google, but it just gave the error "SSH program unexpectedly exited." Everything else that I found on Google was strictly about sharing between a Windows and Linux machine, which is not what I'm doing.

Any ideas on how to correct this?

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My first thought when I see "Invalid argument" is a user error. While I don't know Mint and its GUI tools, I wonder why the Share field in your screenshot is empty?

You should also use command line tools for checking. In this case, smbclient is the right tool. smbclient -L <server name or IP address> gives you a list of shares, and smbclient //server/share allows you to access the share as if it were an ftp server. If smbclient gives you errors, they should give you clues. If it doesn't, something is wrong with the way you use the GUI, or the GUI doesn't use Samba correctly (unlikely).

Thanks for responding; I appreciate it.

I'm sure it is user error insofar as I don't know how to work the program. The problem is that nothing that I've been able to find on Google has been relevant to my particular problem. (And, the "Share" field is blank because I don't know what goes in there.)

Regarding the two commands that you suggested I try-- They both seem to work fine, and this is the output (I don't think it'll cause any security problems to post this here):
UPDATE: I was able to find a bash command on how-to geek, in particular the command

mounts the network share "Shared Folder" from the host on my laptop's folder "/media/NetworkShares/Desktop Shared Folder." I created a bash script on my desktop that, in a very non-elegant way, works fairly well. I still don't know what I was doing wrong with the "Connect to server" dialog, though.

Thanks very much to berndbausch for giving me the idea to look into CLI solutions. Now I'll try to mark this as "solved" if I can remember how to do that.

Perhaps this motivates you to look "under the hood" more often, using command line tools. It's very instructive.