In the days of old -dpi 75 for X was default. Which you could override if you started X manually.
$ startx -- :0 -dpi 100
These days -dpi 100 is probably the default. A dpi of 96 has been the browser default for a while (If you wanted to be close to the internet explorer font size), probably not applicable these days. With the Xft font daemon for things that don't use modern (less ancient?) fontconfig ways.
$ COLUMNS=300 ps faux | grep X
Things like xrdb with files like $HOME/.Xresources and $HOME/.Xdefaults can help set settings to include default fonts and font sizes. Although more old school and probably in the way if using something modern like gnome or kde.
$ xprop | grep WM_CLASS\(STRING\)
$ appres XTerm
To help know what properties could be set with .Xresources and friends.
http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~help/download...sers_guide.pdf
Useful apps at the end for knowing things about your X.