I got a branded micro SD to SD adapter just to be sure. (It came with the new micro SD card I bought)
Results:

- New adapter failed with old 8GB micro SD card with the same issues.
- New 8GB micro SD card worked on both adapters!

I brute forced it wiping the MBR with zeros, formatted it and it came out just fine. (As RockDoctor suggested)
The issue here may be the method the superblock is read (maybe), as it worked on windows and booted just fine with Raspberry pi.
However, I now have full access to my micro SD card.

Thank you all for your time and effort for helping me with this issue.

I had the same problem. My linux is linux mint 19.3. A 2gb sd card would mount but my 32gb card would not. The 32 had been able to mount at first but then it stopped working. I deleted some files using a windows machine then tried it again and it worked. Not sure why, either the number of files was too much or total sd card size used was too much. Hope this helps others