The badblocks command operates just like any other commands that associated with partition table, for instance fdisk, mkfs, parted ...
in which take a partition number as its parameter.
So suppose that you wanna check your first partition on primary disk, just issue
# badblocks -n -v /dev/hda1
'-n' parameter will do non destructively checking, and '-v' will give you verbose output. Output would be shown where the bad of block occured.
# man 8 badblock
Will give you more complete reference about badblocks.
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