3a. You can purchase an adapter but IMO if your computer does not support SATA then there is no advantage to buying such a drive.
3b. Google
4. Sure, but then you will have an exposed drive hanging from your computer that might get damaged.
5. Hard drives are mechanical devices and they can fail. You always have think when not if. I have had only two drives fail in the 15 years or so of playing with computers. This does not include the several I have dropped
The cheaper CDs are not as good as the name brand and the ones 5 years ago were not as good as the present.
6. SATA is still fairly new technology with linux. Any regular IDE drive will work.