There are a number of ways to find out about hardware, it all depends on what it is. What follows is what i know, they are all done from the cli.
lspci this will tell you about stuff on your pci bus
lsusb this one will tell you about stuff connected to a usb port. one thing about this is that a usb port is generally connected to the pci bus, so the usb controller will show up on the output of lspci but the devices connected to it will show on lsusb.
hcitool this will tell you about stuff connected to the bluetooth system. The same principal applies here as for usb. The bluetooth adaptor will show up in either lspci or lsusb (depending on what type it is) but devices connected to it will show in hcitool.
You need to be more specific as to how you have your mobile phone connected to your system as there are different ways of accessing it.
Also you do not state which kernel series you are using. As they deal with hardware in different way. Most probably th easiest one to use it on of the 2.6 series along with udev. When this setup is working properly it will create the required /dev nodes for you
