I assume both drives are bootable? Depending on how you plug them into the motherboard, they may be detected in a different order from what you intended, so "sda" is now "sdb". If it seems you are booting off the wrong drive, you can try to change the boot order in the BIOS, or else just swap the drive cables. If your partitions were labeled, you might not see any problem at all.
Once you boot up, mount the other drive's partitions manually and have a look at what is there.
You're likely to get a lot of answers to your second question. A lot of folks will swear by Ubuntu or Kubuntu (the KDE desktop version). Here's a pretty complete list:
http://www.livecdlist.com/